A 58-year-old male patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of swelling and pain in his left leg for the past 3 days. He has a history of prolonged immobility due to a recent knee surgery. On examination, there is swelling and tenderness in the left calf, along with prominent superficial veins. Doppler ultrasound … Read more

A 45-year-old female patient is undergoing a lower abdominal surgery. The anesthesia team decides to use epidural anesthesia for pain management. Following the procedure, the patient is stable but experiences a mild drop in blood pressure and reports significant pain relief, which persists into the postoperative period. Which of the following statements accurately describes epidural … Read more

A 42-year-old male patient who underwent abdominal surgery for a perforated diverticulum develops a persistent, draining wound with an abnormal passage from the site of infection to the skin surface. Upon microbiological examination of the wound, the organism Actinomyces was identified. What is the most likely reason for the formation of this sinus and fistula … Read more

A 50-year-old male presents with a history of unilateral claudication affecting his right thigh, calf, and occasionally his buttock for the past few weeks. On physical examination, there is absence of the right femoral and distal pulses, and a bruit is auscultated over the right region. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s … Read more

A 43-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a noticeable lump in her right breast. She describes the mass as large, with an uneven, bosselated (lumpy) surface and ulceration of the overlying skin. On physical examination, the mass is mobile on the chest wall, with no signs of fixed attachment or involvement of nearby lymph … Read more

A 34-year-old male is brought to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. Upon initial assessment, he opens his eyes spontaneously, follows commands when asked, and responds appropriately to questions. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is calculated by the medical team. What is his GCS score? A. 15B. 20C. 8D. 5E. 3 Correct … Read more

A 45-year-old male presents with persistent pain and swelling in his left femur. He has a history of open fractures sustained in a motor vehicle accident 6 months ago. Despite multiple courses of oral antibiotics, the swelling and pain have persisted, and he now complains of intermittent fever. An X-ray reveals bone destruction, and MRI … Read more

A 65-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents for an elective total hip replacement surgery. During the preoperative discussion, the anesthesiologist recommends spinal anesthesia for the procedure. The patient inquires why this type of anesthesia is preferred. For which of the following surgical regions is spinal anesthesia most commonly administered? A. Pelvis and lower … Read more

A 48-year-old man presents to the emergency department with generalized weakness and muscle cramps. He reports a recent history of diarrhea for three days. Laboratory investigations reveal a serum potassium level of 2.8 mmol/L. An ECG is performed. Which of the following ECG findings is most indicative of hypokalemia? A. Prolonged QT intervalB. Narrow QT … Read more

A 52-year-old postmenopausal woman presents to the clinic with a complaint of a lump beneath her right nipple. She reports a sticky discharge from the nipple that has ranged in color from yellow to greenish. The lump is not painful, and there is no history of fever or trauma. On examination, the nipple appears slightly … Read more