A breast abscess is a localized, encapsulated collection of pus within the breast tissue, often following an infection such as mastitis. It occurs primarily in lactating women (puerperal abscess) but can also develop in non-lactating women due to other risk factors. Etiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prevention Conclusion Breast abscesses, although common in lactating … Read more
Introduction Inspection Palpation Movement Special Tests Completing the Examination
Vitello-intestinal Duct (VIT) Definition Embryology Congenital Anomalies Associated with Persistent VIT Anomaly Description Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Meckel’s Diverticulum A true diverticulum on the anti-mesenteric side of the ileum Usually asymptomatic; may cause bleeding, obstruction, or infection Technetium-99m scan, CT, MRI Surgical removal if symptoms present Vitelline Fistula An open duct connecting the ileum to … Read more
Introduction: An anastomotic leak is a serious complication following gastrointestinal surgery where a surgical connection (anastomosis) between two sections of the bowel leaks luminal contents. Early recognition and management of this complication are crucial due to the potential for severe intra-abdominal contamination, sepsis, multi-organ failure, and even death. Risk Factors The risk factors for an … Read more
Summary 1. Definition: 2. Causes: 3. Clinical Features: 4. Diagnosis: 5. Treatment: Epidemiology
Category Details Definition Dopamine agonists are medications that mimic the effects of dopamine by binding to dopamine receptors in the brain. Clinical Indications Parkinson’s Disease: Mainstay treatment for motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Alleviate uncomfortable sensations and urge to move. Hyperprolactinemia: Inhibit prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland, useful … Read more
Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor arising from chromaffin cells, typically found in the adrenal medulla but may also occur in extra-adrenal locations, known as paragangliomas. These tumors produce and release excessive amounts of catecholamines, including adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to episodic or sustained hypertension and a variety of systemic symptoms. Etiology: Clinical Presentation (The … Read more
Mechanism of Action: Clinical Uses: Adverse Effects: Contraindications: Key Points:
A 15-year-old male develops severe cardiomyopathy after contracting an infective myocarditis from the Coxsackie virus, leading to his placement on the cardiac transplant list. Two weeks post-transplantation from a matched donor, he experiences dyspnea upon exertion. Extensive evaluation, including cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy, is conducted. Which of the following findings best indicates acute graft … Read more
Osteoporosis is a skeletal condition characterized by:
Loss of bone mineral density (BMD).
Decreased bone strength.
Increased susceptibility to fractures.