A 28-year-old male with a known history of type 1 diabetes presents with rapid breathing, confusion, and excessive thirst. On examination, his breath has a fruity odor, and he appears dehydrated. His blood sugar levels are elevated. Which of the following tests is essential for diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? A. Tests for ketone bodiesB. Specific … Read more

A 60-year-old male presents with acute onset of pain, swelling, and redness in his knee joint. His laboratory findings show the presence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals in the synovial fluid. What is the most likely cause of this condition? A. Tuberculous arthritisB. LeprosyC. Infective endocarditisD. OsteoporosisE. Pyrophosphate crystal arthropathy Correct Answer: E. Pyrophosphate … Read more

A 20-year-old female presents with a butterfly-shaped rash across her face, painful joints, fever, and laboratory findings showing positive ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Systemic sclerosisB. Systemic lupus erythematosusC. Rheumatoid arthritisD. Polymyalgia rheumaticaE. Gouty arthritis Correct Answer: B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Explanation: The presentation of butterfly-shaped rash, painful … Read more

A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency department with severe headaches, vomiting, altered mental status, and visual disturbances. On examination, he shows signs of increased intracranial pressure, such as papilledema. Given this clinical presentation, which of the following investigations is contraindicated due to the risk of worsening the patient’s condition? A. X-ray skullB. CT brainC. … Read more

A 55-year-old male presents with a complaint of loss of vision in the outer half of both of his visual fields (i.e., he cannot see objects on the outer sides of both eyes). The patient reports difficulty in reading and driving, particularly when navigating through intersections. On examination, the patient is found to have bitemporal … Read more

A 65-year-old male presents with a tremor, muscle rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement). His symptoms have progressively worsened over the last six months, making it difficult for him to perform daily tasks. On neurological examination, there is a resting tremor in the right hand, and he shows difficulty initiating movement. Based on this clinical … Read more

A 40-year-old male presents with a history of easy bruising, fatigue, and enlarged spleen. The patient has been experiencing recurrent infections and anemia. Blood tests show low platelet count and anemia, and the spleen is palpably enlarged. Based on these findings, the doctor considers a treatment approach to address the patient’s underlying hematologic condition. Which … Read more

A 12-year-old child presents with a dry cough and fever that have persisted for the last four weeks. A chest x-ray shows hilar lymphadenopathy on the right side and consolidation of the right middle lobe. Which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis? A. Pneumococcal pneumoniaB. Benign tumour of the right bronchusC. Primary … Read more

During a blood sugar camp, five individuals present with their fasting blood sugar levels measured. The following are their fasting blood sugar values: Which of the following blood sugar levels is considered normal? A. 90 mg/dLB. 120 mg/dLC. 130 mg/dLD. 49 mg/dLE. 52 mg/dL Correct Answer: A. 90 mg/dL Explanation: The normal fasting blood sugar … Read more