A 50-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of persistent fatigue, muscle weakness, and frequent headaches. She also mentions that she has been experiencing excessive thirst and frequent urination. On physical examination, her blood pressure is significantly elevated at 160/100 mmHg. Laboratory tests reveal hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Further hormonal evaluation shows elevated aldosterone … Read more
A 45-year-old patient undergoes a routine colonoscopy, during which a small, 0.8 cm lesion is found in the rectum. A biopsy reveals that the lesion is a carcinoid tumor. The patient has no symptoms and no evidence of metastasis. The gastroenterologist discusses the treatment options with the patient. The treatment of choice for a patient … Read more
A 25-year-old male patient presents with clinical features suggestive of acute appendicitis. At laparotomy, a 2.5 cm growth is found at the base of the appendix. What is the most appropriate treatment plan? A. AppendectomyB. Right hemicolectomyC. Appendectomy followed by right hemicolectomy at a later stage if the margins are positiveD. Limited ileo-caecal resection The … Read more
A 35-year-old female patient is diagnosed with a pituitary prolactinoma. She presents with symptoms of amenorrhea and galactorrhea, and imaging confirms a pituitary tumor secreting excess prolactin. What is the treatment of choice for pituitary prolactinomas? A. Surgery B. Radiotherapy C. Surgery followed by radiotherapy D. Dopamine agonists The Correct Answer: D. Dopamine agonists Explanation: – Dopamine Agonists … Read more
An 18-year-old male who underwent bilateral adrenalectomy for bilateral pheochromocytoma presents 48 hours after surgery with symptoms of lethargy and fatigue. His blood pressure is 80/60 mmHg, and his pulse rate is 90/min. Clinical examination shows no signs of volume loss. Given this presentation, what is the most likely diagnosis? A. Sepsis B. Cardiogenic shock C. Addisonian … Read more
A patient is being evaluated for hyperaldosteronism, and the physician needs to ensure accurate results from the diagnostic assay. Which of the following drugs must be discontinued before performing the assay? A. Spironolactone B. Calcium channel blocker C. Fluconazole D. Oral contraceptive pills The Correct Answer: A. Spironolactone Explanation: – Spironolactone (A): Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and … Read more
A patient is diagnosed with pheochromocytoma, and the healthcare team is evaluating the characteristics of this tumor. Which of the following statements about pheochromocytomas is most accurate? A. Benign tumors B. Malignant tumors C. Found in both adrenal glands (bilateral) D. Located outside the adrenal glands (extra-adrenal) The Correct Answer: A. Benign tumors Explanation: – Benign Tumors (A): … Read more
A 65-year-old patient presents with a chronic, non-healing ulcer on the lower leg. The ulcer is located around the malleoli, and the clinical examination suggests that the patient may be suffering from a gravitational ulcer, often associated with venous insufficiency. The healthcare provider needs to identify the specific area known as “Gaiter’s zone” where these … Read more
A 50-year-old patient with varicose veins presents with junctional reflux, where the veins near the junction of the superficial and deep venous systems are affected. The patient is considering sclerotherapy as a treatment option. The clinical team needs to select the most appropriate type of sclerotherapy for this condition. Which type of sclerotherapy is used … Read more
A 40-year-old woman is diagnosed with varicose veins resulting from post-thrombotic damage to her venous valves. She is hesitant to undergo surgical treatment and prefers conservative management. The healthcare team discusses various conservative treatment options to manage her condition effectively and reduce symptoms. Which of the following conservative treatments is commonly used to manage post-thrombotic … Read more