Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas, most often triggered by gallstones or alcohol consumption. It typically presents with sudden and severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and epigastric tenderness on palpation. Diagnosis is confirmed by elevated serum lipase or amylase levels (≥ 3× the upper limit of … Read more
Summary 1. Definition: 2. Causes: 3. Clinical Features: 4. Diagnosis: 5. Treatment: Epidemiology
Category Details Definition Dopamine agonists are medications that mimic the effects of dopamine by binding to dopamine receptors in the brain. Clinical Indications Parkinson’s Disease: Mainstay treatment for motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Alleviate uncomfortable sensations and urge to move. Hyperprolactinemia: Inhibit prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland, useful … Read more
Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor arising from chromaffin cells, typically found in the adrenal medulla but may also occur in extra-adrenal locations, known as paragangliomas. These tumors produce and release excessive amounts of catecholamines, including adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to episodic or sustained hypertension and a variety of systemic symptoms. Etiology: Clinical Presentation (The … Read more
Osteoporosis is a skeletal condition characterized by:
Loss of bone mineral density (BMD).
Decreased bone strength.
Increased susceptibility to fractures.
Introduction Hyperparathyroidism (HPT): Primary Hyperparathyroidism (pHPT): Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (sHPT): Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism (tHPT): Diagnostics and Classification: Treatment: Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Epidemiology: Etiology: Pathophysiology: PTH effect In the kidneys: PTH leads to increased phosphate excretion, a phenomenon known as phosphaturia. Clinical Features: Cardiovascular System: Urinary Tract: Musculoskeletal System: Digestive Tract: Psychological Symptoms: Diagnostics: Laboratory Studies: Routine … Read more