Definition Barrett’s esophagus is a premalignant condition where the normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus transforms into columnar epithelium with goblet cells, typically due to prolonged exposure to stomach acid from chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This type of intestinal metaplasia poses a heightened risk for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma. Epidemiology Barrett’s esophagus is seen in … Read more
Certainly! Here’s the revised version with bullet points: Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) refers to a range of conditions where the liver undergoes prolonged inflammation and damage, eventually leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and possibly liver failure. The causes of CLD are diverse and can be categorized into infectious, autoimmune, metabolic, genetic, and alcohol-related factors, among others. … Read more
Introduction Inspection Palpation Movement Special Tests Completing the Examination
Vitello-intestinal Duct (VIT) Definition Embryology Congenital Anomalies Associated with Persistent VIT Anomaly Description Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Meckel’s Diverticulum A true diverticulum on the anti-mesenteric side of the ileum Usually asymptomatic; may cause bleeding, obstruction, or infection Technetium-99m scan, CT, MRI Surgical removal if symptoms present Vitelline Fistula An open duct connecting the ileum to … Read more
Summary 1. Definition: 2. Causes: 3. Clinical Features: 4. Diagnosis: 5. Treatment: Epidemiology
Category Details Definition Dopamine agonists are medications that mimic the effects of dopamine by binding to dopamine receptors in the brain. Clinical Indications Parkinson’s Disease: Mainstay treatment for motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Alleviate uncomfortable sensations and urge to move. Hyperprolactinemia: Inhibit prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland, useful … Read more
Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor arising from chromaffin cells, typically found in the adrenal medulla but may also occur in extra-adrenal locations, known as paragangliomas. These tumors produce and release excessive amounts of catecholamines, including adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to episodic or sustained hypertension and a variety of systemic symptoms. Etiology: Clinical Presentation (The … Read more
Mechanism of Action: Clinical Uses: Adverse Effects: Contraindications: Key Points:
Osteoporosis is a skeletal condition characterized by:
Loss of bone mineral density (BMD).
Decreased bone strength.
Increased susceptibility to fractures.
Introduction Hyperparathyroidism (HPT): Primary Hyperparathyroidism (pHPT): Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (sHPT): Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism (tHPT): Diagnostics and Classification: Treatment: Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Epidemiology: Etiology: Pathophysiology: PTH effect In the kidneys: PTH leads to increased phosphate excretion, a phenomenon known as phosphaturia. Clinical Features: Cardiovascular System: Urinary Tract: Musculoskeletal System: Digestive Tract: Psychological Symptoms: Diagnostics: Laboratory Studies: Routine … Read more