Step-by-Step Guide to Hip Joint Examination
Introduction Inspection Palpation Movement Special Tests Completing the Examination
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Meckel’s Diverticulum
Vitello-intestinal Duct (VIT) Definition Embryology Congenital Anomalies Associated with Persistent VIT Anomaly Description Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Meckel’s Diverticulum A true diverticulum on the anti-mesenteric side of the ileum Usually asymptomatic; may cause bleeding, obstruction, or infection Technetium-99m scan, CT, MRI Surgical removal if symptoms present Vitelline Fistula An open duct connecting the ileum to … Read more
Anastomotic Leak
Introduction: An anastomotic leak is a serious complication following gastrointestinal surgery where a surgical connection (anastomosis) between two sections of the bowel leaks luminal contents. Early recognition and management of this complication are crucial due to the potential for severe intra-abdominal contamination, sepsis, multi-organ failure, and even death. Risk Factors The risk factors for an … Read more
Primary Hyperaldosterinism
Summary 1. Definition: 2. Causes: 3. Clinical Features: 4. Diagnosis: 5. Treatment: Epidemiology
Dopamine Agonists:
Category Details Definition Dopamine agonists are medications that mimic the effects of dopamine by binding to dopamine receptors in the brain. Clinical Indications Parkinson’s Disease: Mainstay treatment for motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Alleviate uncomfortable sensations and urge to move. Hyperprolactinemia: Inhibit prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland, useful … Read more
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor arising from chromaffin cells, typically found in the adrenal medulla but may also occur in extra-adrenal locations, known as paragangliomas. These tumors produce and release excessive amounts of catecholamines, including adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to episodic or sustained hypertension and a variety of systemic symptoms. Etiology: Clinical Presentation (The … Read more
Calcium channel blockers
Mechanism of Action: Clinical Uses: Adverse Effects: Contraindications: Key Points:
Medicine MCQ 34
A 28-year-old male with a known history of type 1 diabetes presents with rapid breathing, confusion, and excessive thirst. On examination, his breath has a fruity odor, and he appears dehydrated. His blood sugar levels are elevated. Which of the following tests is essential for diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? A. Tests for ketone bodiesB. Specific … Read more
Medicine MCQ 33
A 60-year-old male presents with acute onset of pain, swelling, and redness in his knee joint. His laboratory findings show the presence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals in the synovial fluid. What is the most likely cause of this condition? A. Tuberculous arthritisB. LeprosyC. Infective endocarditisD. OsteoporosisE. Pyrophosphate crystal arthropathy Correct Answer: E. Pyrophosphate … Read more
Medicine MCQ 32
A 20-year-old female presents with a butterfly-shaped rash across her face, painful joints, fever, and laboratory findings showing positive ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Systemic sclerosisB. Systemic lupus erythematosusC. Rheumatoid arthritisD. Polymyalgia rheumaticaE. Gouty arthritis Correct Answer: B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Explanation: The presentation of butterfly-shaped rash, painful … Read more