A 60-year-old male patient with severe malnutrition is initiated on Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) in the hospital. The medical team monitors him closely for potential complications associated with TPN.
Complications associated with TPN include:
A. Gallstones
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. All of them
The Correct Answer is: D. All of them
Explanation:
Gallstones:
Gallstones can develop as a complication of TPN due to the lack of enteral stimulation, which decreases bile flow and increases the risk of bile stasis and gallstone formation. Patients on long-term TPN are particularly at risk.
Hyperglycemia:
Hyperglycemia is a common complication of TPN because the solutions often contain high concentrations of glucose. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential, and insulin may be required to manage hyperglycemia in these patients.
Hyperkalemia:
Hyperkalemia can occur with TPN, especially if there is an imbalance in the electrolytes provided in the TPN solution. Careful monitoring of electrolyte levels and adjusting the composition of the TPN solution accordingly is crucial to prevent this complication.
Given these considerations, all of the listed complications (Option D) are associated with TPN, making it essential for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely and manage any complications that arise.